Power your electricity in your home

You can use solar energy in your home by creating your own electricity. You should know that there is an upfront cost that will put some people off, but the long-term results and savings are worth it. You can also obtain tax rebates in many cites and countries.

Use a solar oven

There are now specially designed ovens that use the suns rays to heat food. These ovens were originally designed for camping but they can be used for indoor use now. Solar ovens are actually relatively cheap to buy and easy to use. You no longer need to waste large amounts of electricity or other natural resources to heat up or cook your food.

Use passive heat storage tubes

You can find modern greenhouse fiberglass tubes that you fill with water, so they can catch the light of the sun and store it as energy. They will then heat the room with the energy. This will help to reduce your winter heating costs while keeping your home very warm. They can be used as room accents or room dividers.

Use solar powered garden lights

There is now a wide range of garden and driveway lights on the market, which use solar power. You need to position these lights in sun lit areas during the day, and they then capture and store energy from the sun. They have a sensor and then come on when it gets dark. These are very cheap and easy to install. They can also power the lights for a number of hours, although not as brightly as electrical powered lights.

If you are looking to become greener and want to decrease your energy costs then start to implement some of the ideas above. Some of them are very cheap to implement and you can make savings right away.

Dry your clothes outside

You can use the power of the sun in order to dry your clothes, by hanging them outside. This will drastically reduce your carbon footprint and lets your clothes dry naturally. This is something that anyone can do, instead of using an electric dryer.

Pat Lindle finds new ways to use green energy in his metal deck company in Phoenix, AZ.  When not using alternative energy in his steel deck fabrication facility, he constantly finds new uses at his home in Scottsdale, AZ.

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Grease:

For grease, there is little more effective in natural solutions than citrus juice. You don’t have to spend a fortune on fresh fruit to squeeze if you like the scent of lemon: Lemon juice concentrate is inexpensive and works extremely well. Lime and orange juice works as well. Just evenly spread the juice over the greasy area or on dishes, add hot water and give it a few minutes for the juice to cut through the grease. For really tough spots or pans, increase the amount of citrus juice, add just a drop or two of a gentle dish soap and let it soak. Before long, you can practically wish that grease away, and it’s gone.

Please note: Oranges contain a higher natural sugar content, and you shouldn’t use a sugar solution on your stove or in your oven. Please use lemon or lime juice instead—it’s much safer around heat sources.

Counters, Tables, Tile and Linoleum:

Even with the fear of spreading illness, you actually don’t need all that anti-bacterial soap or harsh cleansers to get your floors, counters, cabinets, tables, tile or ceramic clean. If you change from outdoor shoes to indoor shoes as soon as you come in the door, you avoid spreading many germs throughout your house. Wash your hands well with warm water and soap before you handle food or dishes, and you cut down the odds even more. If you spill food or drink, you still don’t need chemicals to clear your tabletop or counters of bacteria. Use hot tea instead.

Soak a half dozen or so black tea bags in a gallon of really hot water, taking care not to burn yourself, of course. Let it sit overnight then remove the tea bags. As you need it, apply the cooled black tea solution to the surface in question then wipe with a clean cloth. If desired, you can rinse it with warm water to lend peace of mind against staining. Use black tea only, however.

If you still worry about germs, you can always sanitize your home’s surfaces monthly with the vinegar and water solution, but regular cleaning with this natural cleanser gives you a clean, green alternative to those harsh commercial concoctions.

If you have indoor plants, the used tea might be good fertilizer, too!

Wood:

Who doesn’t like the look and feel of a great wood floor or table? Would you rather not risk cleaning those boards with chemicals? Clean your hardwood floors with a quarter-cup of olive oil to a gallon of warm water and mop. The olive oil both cleanses the wood and keeps it well protected. Olive oil contains a cornucopia of natural anti-bacterial properties to keep you healthy, too.

If you have boards that squeak, try rubbing some baking powder between the boards. Clean up any excess with a damp cloth but don’t press too hard. Pick up the loose powder only with a bit of gentle rubbing.

This Post was written by Sara Woods @ Coupon Croc. Visit us and save on eco-friendly, energy saving household appliances and electronics when you shop at Currys.

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Biofuels Don’t Always Help

You want to reduce your dependence on gasoline and help the environment at the same time. What could be better than moving toward the use of biofuels? Well… biofuels create their own environmental concerns, not the least of which is that they put food producers in competition with energy producers. Current legislation in the US requires a certain portion of the corn crop to be used for biofuels.

Unfortunately, the corn crop happens to be a huge source of food for everything from humans to animals. Unless the amount of land devoted to the production of corn increases significantly, the logical outcome of competition is an increase in the cost of corn used for food… and fuel. As a result of feed shortages, fewer farmers are producing pork, chicken, beef and other corn-fed animals, which pushes the price of food in the supermarket ever higher.

If the amount of land devoted to corn production increases, expect to see biomass fuels creating a larger carbon footprint than fossil fuels do. How’s that? Farmers need to clear more land and devote less desirable land to corn production. This will require clearing and an increased use of farm equipment that uses… fossil fuels. In addition, the waterways will likely receive a much larger dose of farm fertilizer run-off, which will create algae blooms and subsequent fish kills within the system of freshwater lakes and rivers.

Recycling Is More Wasteful Than You Might Think

It sounds good. Reduce, reuse, recycle, right? The truth of the matter is that only a small fraction of the consumer waste stream is (or can be) recycled. Newspapers come to mind immediately as a recyclable product. While it’s true that paper is one of the most recyclable products around, legislation introduced in the US often requires newspaper producers to use recycled paper. Recycled paper is actually more expensive than new paper, and puts newspapers at a competitive disadvantage. Ultimately raises the price of the newspaper and reduces sales.

Mandatory recycling goals haven’t worked out so well, either. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) had established a recycling goal of 25% of all trash. Many states went much farther and set goals that fell between 40% and a whopping 70%. This led to the construction boom for incinerators. Aside from their phenomenal costs, the incinerators haven’t been kind to the environment to say the least. Further, municipal recycling plans – the weekly curbside pickups- have produced millions of tons of nominally recyclable garbage across the nation for which there is no market and there are few productive applications.
The same legislation that requires newspapers to purchase and use recycled newsprint also requires green purchasing programs in the public sector that use recycled materials. In other words, the government has legislated a market for materials that consumers don’t want, in part because they’re more expensive and less reliable than new materials.

Environmental Protection Policies Sometimes Exacerbate Damage

Not all environmental protection policies turn out to be helpful. In fact, the rise in the size and severity of some wildfires has been directly attributed to the land management policies designed to protect the environments of certain threatened species. One of the key ingredients to a wildfire is fuel. The inability to clear brush due to environmental concerns has created a significant amount of ready-to-burn fuel in certain areas of the country. In some cases, land designated for conservation is at a much higher risk for fire damage than land designated for development.

There’s nothing wrong with wanting to protect the earth and limit your impact on your environment. Reducing gasoline consumption and dependence may make a lot of sense. In some circumstances, recycling is the best, most viable option. If you decide that green is the way to go, just make sure you’re really reducing your impact on the environment, and not just shifting it somewhere out of your line of sight.

Mark Lowell is a huge green activist, even though he did graduate from one of those big beauty schools in New York. He’s being living green for over 10 years and has found some bad things about living green that he wants to make everyone aware of. 

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Luckily for me, around the same time that I decided to focus on these issues, interior designers began looking for ways to market green products. I love my bamboo floors and chose them for their environmentally friendly luxury. Unwanted carpet is a major item dumped into landfills and the amount that ends up there is horrendous.

I prefer carpet in my bedrooms and was fortunate that DuPont had created a line of carpeting that is made out of corn-based polymers, which is a renewable source. I ordered it and have been happy with the softness it provides for my family and you’d never know that it was a green product.

It’s every bit as comfortable as our regular carpet used to be and with the stain-resistant fibers I don’t have to worry about my kids spilling on it. So far, my carpet has been durable and I found out recently that manufacturing it took 30% less energy and greenhouse gas emissions are reduced by 60% during production. With this new information I was able to appreciate it all over again.

When I remodeled my home to be green I researched paint and discovered that eco-friendly paints are for sale. They have lower levels of Volatile Organic Compounds, which are chemicals that are expelled into the air. It was pleasant to paint with a mixture that had no smell and we were able to move our furniture right back into the house after it had dried. This saved me a lot of time and we were only out of our home for a few days. It’s a relief to know that the paint on my walls isn’t contributing to air quality issues within my house.

Lighting is an area that I struggle with the most because I have never liked the glow that comes from energy efficient light bulbs. I forced myself to change them anyway because it seemed rather silly to make all of the other changes I had committed to and not change the least expensive item on my list. A few years ago, Congress focused on lighting and passed an energy act that will force manufacturers to sell light bulbs that use 25% less electricity for the total light emitted.

In 2012 changes will be happening with light bulbs and several companies have created lights that offer consumers like me 75% greater efficiency. I intend to purchase those to save the highest amount of energy possible. The bulbs cost more and when they need to be replaced I have to make sure my family places them in the recycling bin instead of just throwing them away. However, the energy savings should make up for the additional costs and I like knowing that I’m doing what I can to help the environment.

It was exciting for me to discover that I could keep my favorite style and still be considerate towards the environment. I love a clean traditional style and was thrilled that adding natural stone granite countertops to my kitchen and bathrooms was an eco-friendly way to update my home. I also stripped the front of my kitchen cabinets and stained them a lighter shade to update them.

A few simple fixes can make a home eco-friendly and by updating my home I’m teaching my children how to be responsible toward our future.

L. R. Powell helps people who want to become an interior designer. He is an eco friendly air conditioning systems expert too and writes LG AC Reviews to help home owners plan their own ac system.

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So how can we do this I hear you say?  Well here are some top tips to get you started.  You may just find it makes the world of difference……….

1.       Insulate your home

This may seem like a major change to your property but it really is no big deal and the government may even help you with the cost of it.  Approximately half of the heat in your house is lost through the walls and roof so you can imagine how much saving you could make on your heating bill should you have proper insulation installed.  Cavity wall insulation alone can save you about £100 per year in heating bills and 750kg per year in CO2 emissions.  Basically what’s involved is filling the cavity (gap) between the two walls with insulating materials designed to absorb heat. 

Although logic may suggest the contrary, solid walls in fact lose even more heat than cavity walls.  There are weather-proof insulating treatments available which can also save you hundreds of pounds in heating bills and tonnes of CO2 emissions. 

There are many different ways that you can insulate your home.  You can even lay mineral wool padding underneath timber floor boards which would also save you a significant amount of money each year.  Ensuring you have a minimum of 270mm thickness of loft insulation will further decrease your bills and make the house feel warmer. 

2.       Turn your appliances off standby

We have heard it time and time again yet we still choose to ignore it for the sake of convenience.  However have a think for what else you could spend that £40 per year on should you choose to turn off your appliances.  Perhaps a nice dress or a dinner in your favourite Italian?

If you’re not sure whether or not your appliance is fully turned off then here is a guide; If you’re switching it off via a remote then it is most probably on standby.  It is important that you use the power switch on the appliance or the plug at the wall.  If the charger or power pack is warm or has a light on then it is likely to be using power and costing you money. 

3.       Choose energy efficient appliances

Make the energy efficient rating when purchasing an appliance the priority, not how it looks.  Most energy efficient appliances will have labels on them to clearly indicate how energy efficient it is.  Appliances with the Energy Savings Trust Recommended label are in the top 20 per cent in energy efficiency. 

The European Union energy label helps you understand how energy efficient an appliance is.  A scale is utilised ranging from green to red.  ‘A’ is the most energy efficient and ‘G’ is the least energy efficient.  The best energy efficient appliances will have a rating of ‘A+’, ‘A++’, and ‘A+++’. 

If it’s an appliance you use regularly such as a television, washing machine, dishwasher, or iron, then it is likely to save you a lot of money every year.  The saving may even buy you a budget holiday on the coast somewhere!

4.       Go solar

Although solar power has been around for many years some of us still see it as a ‘new-age fad’ that will pass with time.  However solar power has stood the test of time and saved many people a lot of money in their energy bills.  Some people even make money from installing solar panels by selling the overspill of electricity to electric suppliers. 

There are two different types of solar technologies that can be installed to your house in order to save you money; solar photovoltaic that produces electricity, and solar thermal that produces hot water.

Aqua Protection has helped thousands of families save money on their energy bills, whilst contributing to a greener future. 

You can make a difference on your energy bills and contribute to a safer and more environmentally stable future by living by these top tips.  They are small changes that can make big differences.  Don’t delay and get in touch with people who can help today. 

This article was written by Debbie Smith from Aqua Protection, a UK company who specialise in Solar Panels for your home and many other services.

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Use recycled paper – Simply using recycled paper for printed items can make a small dent in paper waste within your office.

Take advantage of technology – Advances in technology have made it possible to hold meetings with the click of the mouse or a simple conference call. Videoconferencing programs, like Skype, can help you spend less time traveling and more time on the task at hand.

Email – Emailing clients and customers with your monthly newsletter can whittle the time you spend proofing printing as well as reduce the costs that accompanying printing. In addition to being a great way to cut costs and become more efficient, email newsletters are easy to track and can reveal whether your efforts are successful by providing information about how many people read your newsletter and how many actually clicked through to your website or additional information.

If paper is necessary, recycle – In some instances, using paper for flyers or print material is necessary to achieve the results you desire. But while using paper may be important, reminding those who receive your correspondence to recycle the paper can be helpful in reducing waste.

Shop locally – Buying goods and using vendors that are local means you don’t have to pay the extra costs for shipping and also helps reduce pollution.

Take advantage of the internet – The internet gives you access to countless consumers who may want your goods or services. In addition to giving you access to consumers you may not normally be able to reach with your small business, it also saves time and money, without forcing consumers to have to drive to your location. Selling your products and services online can also give consumers 24/7 access to your company and brand and allow effective and cheap communication between you and your customers.

Use sustainable promotional goods – While it may seem tempting to buy cheap promotional products, like plastic water bottles, the resulting waste will not help your company once the good is tossed in the trash. Instead, promote your business with products that last and don’t end up in our landfills. Mugs or reusable water bottles will last longer and are better for the environment.

Use green office products – Many companies provide sustainable office products that can be just as effective in your office as their traditional counterparts. Seek green certified to insure the products you buy are actually green.

Try reusable and recycled envelopes – There are an array of reusable envelopes that can be effective for your marketing campaigns. Recycled post consumer content envelopes are also a great option for your direct mail items.

Be mindful of your transportation – When traveling for business; use a vehicle that gets good gas mileage. Public transportation and carpooling can also be a good option for you and your employees when viable.

List your products on green websites – Websites like GreenSeal.org and Goodguide.com are good resources for your company if you sell sustainable products or if you are particularly mindful of the green movement. They give other green-minded consumers and companies access to your business.

Promote green behavior – Promoting green behavior in your customers can be as simple as giving them some incentive to adopt healthy behaviors ad habits. Coupons and savings for those who volunteer within your community is just one way to help while promoting your business.

Encourage green behavior within – While promoting sustainable habits within your circle of consumers is vital, it can be even simpler to provoke such behavior among co-workers and employees.

Use recycled goods for shipping purposes – Shredded paper that may otherwise be thrown away can be the perfect barrier for the packages you send, saving money on shipping products while eliminating waste.

Look for green methods of printing – Printing is often unavoidable but can be done is a more green way by using eco-friendly printers and products to complete in house printing. Look on the web for green certified products and companies.

List your website – While you find yourself interested in other companies who try to adopt more environmentally friendly business practices, they are also seeking to work with like companies. List your website and information on green listings, which specifically highlights other green minded businesses.

Encourage feedback – Feedback from customers and potential customers can be helpful and offer powerful insight into improvement opportunities for your business and costs nothing at all. Yelp is one example of a site where your customers can find you and review you, giving potential consumers an idea of what you are all about.

Give your customers the choice – Buying mailing lists for marketing campaigns can provide hit or miss opportunities. Instead, let consumers opt whether or not they receive offers and information from you. Less marketing materials will be wasted and you will receive more business for less money and effort.

Give back – Some business practices may be somewhat necessary yet, may not always be the healthiest for our planet. Giving back to organizations that help the environment can help offset some of the problems you may not be able to avoid as a small business. TreesForTravel.info is an example of one such charity.

Danny is a veteran commercial lender with over fifteen years of experience in accounts receivable funding. For more information on how to grow your business with the right funding company visit http://www.factorfunding.com.

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Photographer: Marcus Woelfle

Chances are if you use eyesight correction, you already have strong opinions on using contact lenses and glasses. With more of us going green, it may be time to consider the environmental impact as well. Glasses may seem like the obvious choice because they aren’t disposable, but the small size of contact lenses means there’s less total material, right?

Unfortunately, it’s not that simple. It’s difficult to get an exact amount for the plastic, paper, and other materials used to make glasses and contact lenses, particularly for eyeglass frames, which can vary widely in materials and design. However, there’s enough data out there to get a rough estimate.

Plastic

The average pair of glasses lasts two years and two-and-a-half months. How your lenses are made makes a big difference in the amount of plastic used in the lenses: blanks contain 120 grams of plastic before milling, but pre-formed lenses weigh only 35 grams.

According to a study conducted by Eurolens, a one-year’s supply of contact lenses and the associated packaging creates 953 grams of plastic waste. The same study found that monthly contact lenses, their cases, and the solution over a year created 549 grams of waste. That works out to about 1.2 kg (2 lbs. 10 oz.) of plastic for monthly contacts and 2.1 kg (4 lbs. 10 oz.) of plastic for dailies during the life of a pair of eyeglasses.

To put this into perspective, the average American generates 1,600 lbs. of trash per year. Between buying and disposing of a pair of glasses, most people throw out 13.2 lbs. of trash in the form of plastic shopping bags.

CO2

10.5 lbs. of CO2 is released into the atmosphere to make one pair of eyeglass lenses while the equivalent amount of daily contact lenses comes to 231 lbs. of CO2.

What can I do to reduce my impact?

Obviously, glasses come out far ahead of contacts, and monthly contacts have a lower impact than daily disposables. However, no matter which method of eyesight correction you choose, there are ways of reducing their environmental impact.

Frameless glasses use the least material, but they don’t work for everyone. Look for frames made out of easily recyclable materials like aluminum or titanium. Avoid exotic woods and bone.

There are a number of organizations that accept old glasses that are donated to the poor; some of these will also take unused contacts. Most optician and optometrist offices will have a donation box where you can drop off these items the next time you have an appointment.

If you choose to go with contacts, try to reduce packaging as much as possible. Larger bottles of solution hold more fluid per ounce of plastic and some brands do without the box smaller bottles are packaged in. Bulk packages of lenses will also reduce packaging per lens. Although contact lenses themselves aren’t recyclable, much of the related packaging is. However, some recyclers won’t accept lens cases because they’re too small for processing.

Sara Roberts is a content contributor for Just Eyewear, an eyeglasses and prescription sunglasses retailer.

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With every passing day, most of the earth’s natural resources are depleting at a rapid pace. Using the sun’s energy or a renewable energy source are the few viable alternative for sustainable development. With the latest developments in biofuel and efficient use of solar cells, this alternative is proving to be an alternative that most of us can benefit from.

New discovery in the manufacture of Biofuel

Researchers at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Virginia Tech as well as the University of Georgia  have successfully used cellulose along with 14 enzymes, one co enzyme and water, heated to 32 degree centigrade to produce Hydrogen which can in turn power a fuel cell to generate electricity. The cellulose for this research was obtained from wood-chips, however switch grass as well as crop waste could also be used to produce this hydrogen gas.

The reason why this is a breakthrough is because, the use of cellulose allows the use of biomass as a primary ingredient to manufacture this biofuel. And as this is a renewable source of energy, we won’t be depleting the planet’s limited resources.

If this technology is widely adopted, using only two or three percent of the annual biomass production can bring the world to a state of total fuel independence. This figure may increase or decrease for different parts of the world, depending on their fuel consumption. For instance the United States, one of the world’s largest consumers of fuel, would need to use 10 percent of the world’s annual biomass production to meet their needs, while other countries can meet their needs with a lot less.

Super efficient solar cells

Solar cells are being used all over the world to limit the consumption of fossil fuels and the related costs that come with it. While the existing solar cells may be good enough, scientists have found a way to increase their efficiency by up to 15 percent. And to do this, they have taken inspiration from one of the planet’s most humble yet versatile creatures, the moth.

Moths have special features that make their eyes different from most other organisms. They are equipped with an anti-reflector film which helps them hide from predators because their eyes don’t reflect light. This inherent character in moths has lead to the creation of anti-reflector films to coat solar cells. These reflector cells will reduce the amount of light reflected off the solar cells, increasing the amount of light absorbed and as a result, increasing the efficiency of the solar cells.

The researchers who tested this new film on solar panels both in Tokyo and in Phoenix AZ found that the efficiency of these films depends on the availability of sunlight. They found that in Phoenix which receives direct sunlight these films increased the efficiency of solar panels by 6% while in Tokyo which only receives diffused sunlight, the efficiency was down 1% to 5%. Although the increase in efficiency is very marginal, when combined with other advancements the net result will be a much greater efficiency level.

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Yet there are newer green technologies that do not burn a hole in your wallet and that are as effective, if not more effective than current technologies because they use materials that are found in abundance, like sunlight, salt and sand.

Clean water from dirty.

Generally affluents were discharged into large water bodies because making them clean was too expensive. In the US treating affluents in large affluent treatment plants uses up almost 1.5% of the entire annual electrical usage of the nation. Now however a simple, yet cheap technology has been invented to make these affluents clean.

The device called the planar microfluidic reactor or photocatalyst, is a very simple device. It is a rectangular glass container that is coated on the inside with titanium dioxide. This is the active ingredient that is found in most sunscreen lotions. Titanium dioxide works by releasing electrons when it comes in contact with sunlight. These electrons react with impurities in the water, converting them into harmless substances.

The efficiency of this system is dependent on two things, microfulidics which is transporting water through tiny channels, and photocatalysis which is the use of sunlight to break down impurities. Both these systems have been developed separately, but it took a team from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University to put them together.

The through put of the device is very small as of now, but the team is working on scaling up the model to achieve a through put of 1,000 liters per hr. Hopefully this device will help cut down the amount of affluent discharge into water bodies helping to keep the World a green place.

Cheap fuel cells

Fuel cells are very green in that they burn only Hydrogen, and give off water. The only problem with them so far has been the cost of generating this hydrogen. As of now making the Hydrogen has proved to be much more expensive and energy intensive than the amount of energy that the resulting Hydrogen can give.

A scientist at the Michigan State University has now found a way to generate Hydrogen very cheaply.  The raw materials are Sodium and Silicon which is obtained from sea salt and sand. This sodium and silicon are combined to form Sodium sillicide. When water is added to this it releases Hydrogen. The by product is Sodium sillicate, which is a common ingredient in toothpaste.

This system has the potential to have a fuel cycle because the byproduct of a fuel cell is water. This water can be added to the Sodium Sillicide to form Hydrogen which can be used in the fuel cell once again to generate electricity and water.

Both technologies are in the early stages of development, but they have a lot of potential to help generate clean electricity which will help power us in the future.

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Until now solar energy was actually not cost effective enough to be used on a large scale. For example if you installed solar panels to power your home, it would take 20 yrs before it would break even on cost. This was a totally unacceptable time-line for most investors who stayed away.

Over the past few years however solar cell technology has been seeing a lot of advancements which are not only making them more efficient, but cheaper as well.

What are the new technologies?

The new technology that all solar enthusiasts are pinning their hopes on is the thin film solar cells. This thin film technology is radically different from the existing one, and is capable of making the solar cells as much as 65% more efficient. This is a tremendous advantage considering that even nuclear power stations are only 35% efficient, meaning that 65% of the energy is lost in the form of heat.

There have been a few problems though which have prevented this from happening. One is that the cost of making the panels was always too high. Although alternative raw materials that were much cheaper were starting to be used, it was the actual manufacturing process that was increasing the cost.

The material used until now was crystalline silicone, and coating the photo-voltaic cells on top took nearly 45 minutes per panel. Now researchers are experimenting with amorphous silicon which dramatically decreases the coating time by a factor of 10. This will result in tremendous cost savings.

Another problem with traditional solar cells is that the tiny micro channels that were used to interconnect the panels were done mechanically with a stylus. Since these micro channels were supposed to be only 10 or 20 nanometers deep, this was a very laborious and time consuming process.

Now researchers at the Purdue University’s center for Laser-based manufacturing, have found a way to use lasers to burn these micro channels. The lasers fire for only a few picoseconds which are one quadrillionth of a second, making sure that the silicon layers do not overheat, damaging them. They have also been found to make much cleaner and straighter micro channels than the styluses.

When will it hit the market?

Both these technologies are still under development, but initial studies have shows positive results. Already the Purdue team has received funding in the form of a three year grant of $425,000 from the National Science Foundation. The plan as of now is that there will be a solid scientific basis for these technologies within the next three years.

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